Identification of TRP-2 as a human tumor antigen recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes

ABSTRACT

The infusion of TIL586 along with interleukin-2 (IL-2) into the autologous patient with metastatic melanoma resulted in the objective regression of tumor. A gene encoding a tumor antigen recognized by TIL586 was previously isolated and shown to encode gp75 or TRP-1. The present invention relates to the identification of a second tumor antigen recognized by a HLA-A31 restricted CTL clone derived from the TIL586 cell line. This antigen derived from the TRP-2 protein tumor antigen and peptides thereof are capable of sensitizing target cells for lysis by a CTL clone at 1 nM peptide concentration. Modified peptides were also recognized by the CTL clone.

This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/599,602 filed Feb. 9, 1996 which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a cancer vaccine. In addition, the present invention relates to the area of human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. More specifically, the invention relates to the isolation and purification of a novel tumor antigen capable of acting as a tool in treating and preventing cancer and a DNA sequence encoding the cancer antigen. The invention further relates to novel cancer peptides from within the tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP 2). The invention further relates to methods of detecting, diagnosing, treating and preventing cancer and precancer in an individual.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The adoptive transfer of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) plus interleukin-2 (IL-2) into the autologous patient with metastatic melanoma can result in the objective regression of tumor (Rosenberg et al. (1988); Rosenberg et al. (1994)), suggesting that T cells play an important role in tumor rejection in vivo. To understand the molecular basis of T cell-mediated antitumor responses, effort has been directed toward the identification of tumor antigens recognized by T cells and has led to the identification of a number of genes encoding tumor antigens in human melanoma (Boon et al. (1994); Houghton (1994); Tsomides et al. (1994); Pardoll (1994); Rosenberg (1995); Wang et al. (1996a)). These antigens can be divided into several classes based on their expression pattern. The tumor antigens such as MAGE1, MAGE3, BAGE and GAGE are encoded by genes that are expressed only in tumor, testis and placenta, but not other normal human tissues are examples of this class (Van der Bruggen et al. (1991); Gaugler et al. (1994); Van Den Eyne et al. (1995); Boel et al. (1995)). The second class of antigens such as MART-l/Melan-A (Kawakami et al. (1994a); Coulie et al. (1994)), gplOO (Kawakami et al. (1994b)), tyrosinase (Brichard et al. (1993); Robbins et al. (1994)) and gp75/TRP-1 (Wang et al. (1995)) are differentiation antigens encoded by genes that are expressed only in melanocytes, melanomas, and normal retinal tissue. These latter antigens are non-mutated self proteins. However, several mutated antigens were also identified to be recognized by T cells, including CDK4 (Wolfe et al. (1995)), β-catenin (Robbins et al. (1996)) and MUM-1 (Coulie et al. (1995)).

Recently, the gp75 TRP-1 gene encoding a tumor antigen recognized by the HLA-A31 restricted TIL586 was cloned (Wang et al. (1995)), which was previously shown to have in vivo antitumor activity when infused along with IL-2 into the autologous patient with melanoma. Surprisingly, the peptide recognized by TIL586 was found to be derived from the gene product translated from an alternative open reading frame of the TRP-1 gene (Wang et al. 1996b)). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that the ATG start codon in the alternative open reading frame was essential for generating the epitope recognized by TIL586. Six of fifteen T cell clones established from the TIL586 cell line were capable of recognizing 586mel tumor cells as well as 586EBV B cells pulsed with the peptide ORF3P derived from the alternative open reading frame of the TRP-1 gene (Wang et al. (1996b)). However, some T cell clones isolated from the same TIL586 line did not recognized TRP-1 and its ORF3P peptide pulsed on 586EBV B cells, although they were capable of recognizing 586mel and A31+ melanocytes.

One object of the present invention relates to the identification of TRP-2 as a new tumor antigen recognized by T cells.

Another object of the present invention are peptide fragments of TRP-2 and variants thereof, which function as cancer peptides.

Yet another object of the present invention are nucleic acid sequences encoding TRP-2 and fragments thereof, which, when expressed in a cell produce tumor antigens.

Another object of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising TRP-2 peptides which stimulate T-cells to elicit an immunogenic response against tumors and cancers.

Yet another object of the present invention is a method of using the tumor antigen and cancer peptide(s) as a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention, detecting and treatment of cancers.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a method for diagnosing human pre-neoplastic and neoplastic cells and tissues.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The tumor antigen of the present invention and the antigenic cancer peptides of the tumor antigen are encoded by all or a portion of the TRP-2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 1). TRP-2 is a member of the tyrosinase related gene family. TRP-2 is presently identified as a new and potent tumor antigen capable of causing T cells to elicit an immune response.

One aspect of the invention are cancer peptides encoded by the TRP-2 gene or variants thereof, which are useful as a cancer vaccine capable of protecting the recipient from development of cancer. The present invention also relates to a method of administering the cancer vaccine in an effective amount to prevent cancers.

Another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the TRP-2 tumor antigen alone or in combination with one or more co-immunostimulatory molecules. The tumor antigen may be provided as an immunogen or as a vaccine for prevention or treatment of cancer. The pharmaceutical composition is useful in methods of treating or preventing cancer in a mammal. In the method of treatment, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the mammal in an amount effective in preventing or inhibiting the cancer in the mammal.

The present invention further provides vectors comprising the TRP-2 gene or portions thereof encoding the tumor antigen alone or in combination with a second DNA sequence encoding at least one co-immunostimulatory molecule. The vectors and host cells may serve as vaccines in which expression of a tumor antigen or cancer peptides results in the stimulation of tumor antigen specific T lymphocytes in a mammal immunized with the vaccine.

The invention provides a method of diagnosis cancer or precancer in a mammal by detection of the TRP-2 tumor antigen, wherein the tumor antigen, cancer peptide or variant thereof is recognized by T lymphocytes.

The invention also provides host cells transfected or transduced with a vector comprising DNA encoding a TRP-2 tumor antigen or variant thereof alone or in combination with a second DNA sequence encoding at least one co-immunostimulatory molecule.

The vectors and host cells may serve as vaccines in which expression of a TRP-2 tumor antigen results in the stimulation of antigen specific T lymphocytes in a mammal immunized with the vaccine.

The invention provides a method of diagnosis cancer or precancer in a mammal by detection of the tumor antigen encoded by the TRP-2 gene or fragments thereof wherein the tumor antigen is recognized by T lymphocytes.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a transgenic animal which has incorporated into its genome one or more copies of the tumor antigen of the present invention thereof. The incorporation of the TRP-2 DNA sequence or fragment thereof results in overexpression or expression of the tumor antigen. Such transgenic animals are useful for screening of therapeutic agents useful in treating cancer.

Still another aspect of the invention are monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies reactive with the TRP-2 tumor antigen, for use in diagnostic and detection assays. The monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies may be provided in the form of a kit alone, or along with other reagents commonly used in diagnostic and detection assays.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects, features, and many of the attendant advantages of the invention will be better understood upon a reading of the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1. Recognition of various target cells and the antigenic peptide by CTL clones derived from TIL586. T cell clones were generated by limiting dilution (1 cell per well) from the TIL586 cell line and were further expanded in AIM-V medium containing 6000 IU /ml IL-2. GM-CSF secretion by CTL clone 586TIL-C1 and clone 4 was measured after coculturing with normal melanocyte cell line (HLA-A31+), 586EBV B cells pulsed with the ORF3P peptide or irrelevant peptide, 397mel or 586mel cells.

FIG. 2. Identification of TRP-2 as a new tumor antigen recognized by CTL clone 4. GM-CSF release by CTL clone 4 was measured after co-culture with COS-7 co-transfected with the HLA-A31 cDNA along with genes encoding MART-1, gp75/TRP-1, gplOO, tyrosinase, pl5 and TRP-2. Control stimulator cells included 586mel, 397mel, COS-7 alone, and COS-7 transfected the HLA-A31 cDNA.

FIG. 3. Construction of deletions and subclones of the TRP-2 gene and T cell recognition. The full length cDNA of TRP-2 which comprises the 1557 bp open reading frame is shown. Nucleotides are numbered from the f˜rst nucleotide from the 5' untranslated region of TRP-2 cDNA. A series of deletion constructs and subcloning of DNA fragments were made. T cell recognition of each construct was determined after co-culturing CTL clone 4 with COS-7 co-transfected with the DNA fragments shown above and the HLA-A31 gene.

FIG. 4. Antigenic peptide and partial coding sequence of TRP-2. The partial nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 respectively) of the TRP-2 gene are shown. The length and 3' terminus of the DNA fragments in pTD4, pTA, pTD3 and pTK are indicated by arrows and the restriction sites for Apa I, Pst I and Kpn I are marked. The antigenic peptide sequence recognized by CTL clone 4 is in bold and underlined.

FIGS. 5A-C. Characterization of the Antigenic peptide recognized by CTL clone 4.

(5A). GM-CSF release by T cells at different peptide concentrations. 586EBV (A31+) were pulsed with the TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ peptide (--▴--) and T2 (non-A31) cells were pulsed with the TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ (----) at various peptide concentrations for 90 min. ORF3P as a control peptide was pulsed onto 586EBV B cells (--Δ--). GM-CSF release by CTL clone 4 was determined after co-incubate with 586EBV B cells pulsed with TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ and ORF3P, and T2 cells pulsed with TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅.

(5B). Sensitization of the target cells for lysis by CTL clone 4 at different peptide concentrations. 586EBV B cells were incubated with TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ (--▴--), an irrelevant peptide ORF3P (--Δ--), and T2 cells pulsed with TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ (----) at various peptide concentrations. After peptide incubation, target cells were labelled for 30 min. Following washes, cytolytic activity of CTL clone 4 at an E: T ratio of 40:1 was measured after a 4 h incubation of T cells with target cells.

(5C). Lysis of the target cells by CTL clone 4 at the different E: T ratios. Target 586EBV cells were separately incubated with TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅, (--▴--) or the irrelevant peptides ORF3P (--Δ--) and target T2 cells were incubated with the TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ peptide (----) for 90 min. 586mel (--□--) and 397mel (--▪--) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention encompasses a new tumor antigen, cancer peptides and variants thereof which are immunologically recognized by T lymphocytes of the immune system. The present invention further encompasses the antigen cancer epitope(s) which are contained in the tumor antigen. The antigenic cancer epitope specifically causes a cellular mediated immune response by interaction with T cells of the immune system. This interaction between the antigenic cancer epitope and the T cells causes the T cells to respond against, and prevent, eliminate or reduce the cancer in a mammal, including humans.

The cancer peptides and the antigenic cancer epitope contained within the tumor antigen of the present invention are derived from the TRP-2 protein, which is expressed primarily in melanomas, normal melanocyte cell lines and retina. The tumor antigen of the present invention present in significantly lower levels in most normal cells than the elevated levels found in pre-cancer and cancer cells. Elevated expression of the tumor antigen correlates with transformation of normal cells to a pre-cancer or cancer cell. TRP-2 is located on the human chromosome 13 and has been shown to be a member of the tyrosinase-related gene family and shares a 40-45% amino acid sequence identity to tyrosinase and gp75 /TRP-1 (Yokoyama et al. (1994); Bouchard, et al. (1994)). TRP-2 encodes a protein with 519 amino acids and has been demonstrated to have DOPAchrome tautomerase activity involved in melanin synthesis (Bouchard et al. (1994)).

The tumor antigen of the present invention form part of, or are derived from, cancers including but not limited to primary or metastatic melanoma, thymoma, lymphoma, sarcoma, lung cancer, liver cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkins lymphoma, leukemias, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer and adenocarcinomas such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and the like.

The term "melanoma" includes, but is not limited to, melanomas, metastatic melanomas, melanomas derived from either melanocytes or melanocyte related nevus cells, melanocarcinomas, melanoepitheliomas, melanosarcomas, melanoma in situ, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, invasive melanoma or familial atypical mole and melanoma (FAM-M) syndrome.

The "tumor antigen" of the present invention encompasses the TRP-2 protein and any portion or peptide of the TRP-2 protein capable of eliciting an anti-tumor response in mammals, including the full-length TRP-2 protein.

"Cancer peptides" as the team is used herein, encompasses any epitope or fragment of TRP-2 protein, which acts as a tumor antigen.

"Fragment" as the term is used herein means any segment of a protein or gene, having at least 5 or 6 amino acids in the case of a protein fragment and at least 15-18 nucleotides in the case of a gene.

Of particular interest are cancer peptides of TRP-2, or variants thereof recognized by autologous CTL in patients with cancer, in particular melanoma. Of further interest are cancer peptides, fragments or derivatives thereof recognized by MHC restricted CTL, in particular MHC class I restricted CTLs. A preferred HLA subtype recognized by the cancer peptides are the HLA-A31 subtype. The present invention relates to the identification of TRP-2, a melanoma/melanocyte differentiation antigen of the tyrosinase protein family, as a potent tumor antigen recognized by HLA-A31 restricted T cells. The TRP-2 gene product is the second tumor antigen recognized by CTL clones isolated from TIL586.

In one embodiment, the tumor antigen of the present invention comprises one or more antigenic cancer epitopes immunologically recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) derived from a cancer tumor of a mammal. Of particular interest are antigenic cancer epitopes recognized by cancer antigen specific cytotoxic T cells (CD 8⁺).

In another embodiment of the present invention the tumor antigen is a cancer peptide comprising about 9 amino acids and is expressed from the gene that encodes tyrosinase-related protein-2 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or from homologs or variants thereof depicted in FIG. 4.

In yet another embodiment, fragments of the TRP-2 protein or functionally equivalent variants thereof are used as cancer peptides. Preferably, the tumor antigen of the present invention comprises fragments of the TRP-2 protein containing at least a portion of amino acids 197-205. Most preferably, the cancer peptide of the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence: LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) and fragments, or derivatives thereof. Also encompassed in the ambit of the invention are cancer peptides or portions thereof that share partial sequence homology with the region of TRP-2 containing amino acids 197-205. By partial amino acid sequence homology is meant a peptide having at least 85% sequence homology with LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4), preferably at least 95% sequence homology or greater and has the biological function of stimulating cancer antigen specific T lymphocytes.

The present invention relates to functionally equivalent variants of the TRP-2 cancer peptides. "Functionally equivalent variants" includes peptides with partial sequence homology, peptides having one or more specific conservative and/or non-conservative amino acid changes, peptide conjugates, chimeric proteins, fusion proteins and peptide nucleic acids.

Another embodiment of the present invention encompasses cancer peptides having sufficient homology to LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) to effectively act as cancer peptides. Such peptides may have conservative amino acid changes at one or more positions. By conservative amino acid changes is meant, an amino acid change at a particular position which is of the same type as originally present; i.e. a hydrophobic amino acid exchanged for a hydrophobic amino acid, a basic amino acid for a basic amino acid, etc. Such amino acid changes do not significantly alter the overall charge and configuration of the peptide and therefore such variants maintain the anti-cancer activity of a cancer peptide. Examples of such conservative changes are well-known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the present invention.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to several cancer peptides which are derived from the LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) peptide, but contain non-conservative amino acid changes at one or more positions. Such peptides have been identified in the present invention and include, but art not limited to LSGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 9), KLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 12), LLGPGFPYR (SEQ ID NO: 13) and fragments and derivatives thereof.

The tumor antigen and the antigenic cancer epitopes thereof may be purified and isolated from natural sources such as from primary clinical isolates, cell lines and the like. The cancer peptides and their antigenic epitopes may also be obtained by chemical synthesis or by recombinant DNA techniques known in the arts. Techniques for chemical synthesis are described in Steward et al. (1969); Bodansky et al. (1976); Meienhofer (1983); and Schroder et al. (1965).

The tumor antigen and antigenic cancer epitopes thereof may be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers into pharmaceutical compositions by methods known in the art. The composition is useful as a vaccine to prevent or treat cancer. The composition may further comprise at least one co-immunostimulatory molecule. Co-immunostimulatory molecules to be used in conjunction with the tumor antigen of the present invention for stimulating antigen specific T cell responses include but are not limited to one or more major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, such as class I and class II molecules, preferably a class I molecule. The composition may further comprise other stimulator molecules including B7.1, B7.2, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, LFA-1, LFA-3, CD72 and the like, and cytokines which include but are not limited to IL-1 through IL-15, TNFα, IFNγ, RANTES, G-CSF, M-CSF, IFNα, CTAP III, ENA-78, GRO, I-309, PF-4, IP-10, LD-78, MGSA, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, or combination thereof, and the like for immunopotentiation.

The stimulatory molecule may be provided as a physically separate entity or it may be provided in the membrane of an antigen presenting cell such as B-cell, macrophage or dendritic cell, in the membrane of a liposome, or expressed on the surface of a transduced or transfected cell. DNA sequences of MHC co-immunostimulatory molecules are available from DNA sequence repositories, such as GenBank and the like.

The tumor antigen of the present invention is useful in methods of preventing or treating cancer and useful in diagnostic assay for detecting cancer or precancer in a mammal, including humans. The tumor antigen, cancer peptides or variants thereof may be in the form of a derivative in which other constituents are attached thereto such as radiolabels, biotin, fluorescein. A targeting agent may also be attached to the tumor antigen or cancer peptides that allow for specific targeting to a specific organ, tumor or cell types. Such targeting agents may be hormones, cytokines, cellular receptors and the like. The tumor antigen of the present invention may be prepared in the form of a kit, alone or in combination with other reagents.

Another aspect of the invention is a vaccine useful in inducing tumor-specific cell-mediated immunity against cancer.

Approaches to cancer immunotherapy can be divided into active or passive categories. Active immunotherapy involves the direct immunization of cancer patients with cancer antigens in an attempt to boost immune responses against the tumor. Passive immunotherapy refers to the administration of immune reagents, such as immune cells or antibodies with antitumor reactivity with the goal of directly mediating antitumor responses.

Most prior attempts at active immunotherapy utilized either intact cancer cells or cancer cell extracts with the expectation that these materials contained tumor antigens in an amount and form capable of stimulating immune responses. The molecular identification of cancer antigens however, has open new possibilities for developing immunotherapies for the treatment of human cancer. A summary of some of these approaches is presented in Table A.

                  TABLE A                                                          ______________________________________                                         Cancer Therapies Based on the Molecular                                        Identification of Cancer Antigens                                              ______________________________________                                         1. Active immunotherapy with:                                                  a.  Immunodominant peptides                                                        1) alone                                                                       2) combined with adjuvants                                                     3) linked to helper peptides, lipids or liposomes                              4) pulsed onto antigen presenting cells                                    b.  Immunodominant peptides with amino acids substitutions to increase             binding to MHC molecules                                                   c.  Proteins alone or combined with adjuvants                                  d.  "Naked" DNA encoding cancer antigens                                           1) "gene gun" for intradermal injection                                        2) intramuscular injection                                                     3) linked to lipids                                                        e.  Recombinant viruses such as vaccinia, fowlpox or adenovirus                    encoding                                                                       1) cancer antigens alone                                                       2) cancer antigens plus genes encoding cytokines, costimulatory                molecules, or other genes to enhance the immune response                   f.  Recombinant bacteria such as BCG, Salmonella or Listeria encoding              cancer antigens alone or in combination with co-immunostimulatory              molecules                                                                  2. Active immunotherapy (above) followed by the administration of co-          immunostimulatory cytokines                                                    1.  IL-2                                                                       2.  IL-6                                                                       3.  IL-10                                                                      4.  IL-12                                                                      ______________________________________                                    

The insertion of the gene encoding cancer antigens into high efficiency expression systems such as E. coli, yeast or baculovirus and the like provides the opportunity to obtain large amounts of purified tumor antigen for use in immunization. Alternatively, the immunodominant peptides from these tumor antigens could readily be synthesized in vitro and purified in large amounts for immunization alone or in a form intended to improve their immunogenicity such as in combination with adjuvant, linkage to lipids/liposomes or helper peptides, or pulsed onto antigen presenting cells. Modification of individual amino acids of the immunodominant peptides to improve binding efficiency to MHC antigens can potentially increase immunogenicity compared to the native peptide.

Recent techniques utilizing "naked" DNA injected directly into muscle or into the skin have been shown to raise both cellular and humoral immune reactions to encoded antigens (Cooney, et al. (1991); Wolff et al. (1990); Davis et al. (1993); Yang, (1990); Williams (1991); Fynan et al. (1995); Eisenbraum et al. (1993); Fuller et al. (1994); Acsadi et al. (1991)). Techniques using non-viable DNA vectors have the advantage of ease of preparation and safety of administration. The alternative nucleic acid sequence of the present invention is useful as an immunogen and as a DNA vaccine against cancer. The DNA sequences encoding the TRP-2 proteins or peptides of the present invention may be administered using a gene gun in amounts to elicit a cellular response against a cancer cell. Nanogram quantities are useful for such purposes.

An effective form of immunization involves the incorporation of genes encoding immunogenic molecules into recombinant bacteria such as BCG, Salmonella or Listeria or into recombinant viruses such as vaccinea, fowlpox or adenovirus and the like. The genes encoding cancer antigens can be expressed either alone or in combination with genes encoding co-immunostimulatory molecules or other genes which can enhance the immune response following infection. Studies with model tumor antigens in murine models have shown that incorporation of the gene for interleukin-2 (IL-2) or B7.1 can increase the immunogenicity of model tumor antigens and even mediate the regression of established lung metastases bearing these antigens and even mediate the regression of established lung metastases bearing these antigens. Active immunotherapy followed by the exogenous administration of co-immunostimulatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, or IL-15 may also be used to improve immune responses.

Passive immunotherapy with genetically modified immune cells (commonly referred to as adoptive immunotherapy) capable of recognizing human tumor antigens is effective in mediating the regression of cancer in selected patients with metastatic melanoma. In vitro techniques have been developed in which human lymphocytes are sensitized in vitro to tumor antigen immunodominant peptides presented on antigen presenting cells. By repetitive in vitro stimulation cells can be derived with a far greater capacity to recognize human tumor antigens than the TIL that were used to clone the genes encoding these antigens. Thus by repeated in vitro sensitization with the tumor antigen of the present invention, lymphocytes could be derived with 50 to 100 times more potency of TIL. The adoptive transfer of these cells may be more effective in mediating tumor regression in vivo than are conventionally grown TIL.

In the methods of preventing or inhibiting cancer, the tumor antigen, cancer peptides or variants thereof may be administered via one of several routes including but not limited to intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intrapleural, intrauterine, rectal, vaginal, topical, intratumor and the like.

Administration may be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration bile salts and fusidic acid derivatives. In addition, detergents may be used to facilitate permeation. Transmucosal administration may be by nasal sprays, for example, or suppositories. For oral administration, the tumor antigen, cancer peptides or variants thereof are formulated into conventional oral administration form such as capsules, tablets and toxics.

In general, it is desirable to provide the recipient with a dosage of tumor antigen or cancer peptide of at least about 1 pg per Kg body weight, preferably at least about 1 ng per Kg body weight, more preferably at least about 1 μg or greater per Kg body weight of the recipient. A range of from about 1 ng per Kg body weight to about 100 mg per Kg body weight is preferred although a lower or higher dose may be administered. The dose is effective to prime, stimulate and/or cause the clonal expansion of cancer antigen specific T lymphocytes, preferably cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which in turn are capable of preventing or inhibiting cancer in the recipient.

The dose is administered at least once and may be provided as a bolus or a continuous administration. Multiple administrations of the dose over a period of several weeks to months may be preferable. Subsequent doses may be administered as indicated.

In a method of treatment, a vaccine comprising the tumor antigen or one or more cancer peptides thereof is administered to a mammal in an amount effective to prevent cancer in the mammals. Of particular interest is a vaccine comprising one or more cancer peptides encoded by fragments of the TRP-2 gene for prevention of melanoma.

In a method of reducing tumor burden in animals, including humans, having tumors the method comprises administration of an effective amount of a antigenic cancer epitope at a site of tumor burden, said amount is effective to reduce the size of the tumor at the site.

In another method of treatment, autologous cytotoxic lymphocytes or tumor infiltrating lymphocytes may be obtained from a patient with cancer. The lymphocytes are grown in culture and cancer antigen specific lymphocytes expanded by culturing in the presence of the specific cancer peptides alone or in combination with at least one co-immunostimulatory molecule with cytokines. The antigen specific lymphocytes are then infused back into the patient in an amount effective to reduce or eliminate the tumors in the patient.

After immunization the efficacy of the vaccine can be assessed by production of immune cells that recognize the cancer antigen, as assessed by specific lytic activity, specific cytokine production, tumor regression or combination of these. If the mammal to be immunized is already afflicted with cancer or metastasis cancer the vaccine can be administered in conjunction with other therapeutic treatments such as immunomodulators, for example, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, interferon, tumor necrosis factor and the like, chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatinum, antiviral such as gancyclovir, amphotericin B, antibiotics and the like.

One embodiment of the invention are portions of the TRP-2 encoding one or more cancer peptides. The gene sequence for TRP-2 has been disclosed through the Genbank under accession number D17547 as described by Yokoyama et al. (1994) and Genbank accession number S69231 as described by Bouchard et al. (1994).

In one embodiment, TRP-2 gene fragments encoding LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) and functionally equivalent sequence variants thereof for a cancer peptide recognized by cancer antigen specific T lymphocytes including tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Also encompassed by the present invention are nucleic acid sequences complementary, as well as anticomplementary to a sequence encoding LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) and equivalent sequence variants thereof.

In another embodiment, the DNA sequence encoding TRP-2 protein expresses all or more portions thereof. A preferred fragment of the TRP-2 gene comprises a region between a PstI site at nucleotide position 947 and a KpnI site at nucleotide position 1080.

Another preferred fragment of TRP-2 gene comprises: TTATTAGGACCAGGACGCCCCTACAGG (SEQ ID NO: 15).

Due to degeneracy in the genetic code, variations in the DNA sequence will result in translation of equivalent cancer peptides. As a result, substitutions are included in the ambit of the invention as long as the substitution results in expression of a cancer peptide that is recognized by cancer antigen MHC-restricted T cells. Homologs from other mammalian species is included within the ambit of the invention.

All or part of the TRP-2 gene may be used as probes to identify and isolate the homologs of the cancer peptide in other mammalian species. In one embodiment, a murine cDNA sequence is used to screen a mammalian cDNA library for a human homolog nucleic acid sequence. Positive clones are selected and sequenced. Examples of tissue sources from which the cDNA library can be synthesized include but are not limited to dermis, epidermis, solid tumors, melanomas, melanocytes, and the like. One skilled in the art will understand the appropriate hybridization conditions to be used to detect the homologs. Conventional methods for nucleic acid hybridization construction of libraries and cloning techniques are described in Sambrook et al. (1989) and Ausubel et al. (1987).

Another aspect of the invention are nucleic acid probes for the detection and quantification of RNA that transcribes the TRP-2 tumor antigen in biologic samples isolated from a mammal with cancer. Alterations in the level of RNA relative to a control RNA sample is useful in diagnosis and prognosis of the disease in the mammal.

In one embodiment, TRP-2 mRNA is derived from tissue of a patient suspected of having cancer or precancer and compared with TRP-2 mRNA derived from a healthy control subject. A quantitative and/or qualitative increase of the TRP-2 mRNA in the patient, as compared to the control, is indicative of cancer or precancer in the patient. The mRNA may be detected using oligonucleotide probes.

Combinations of oligonucleotide pairs based on the sequence encoding the tumor antigen or cancer peptides thereof may be used as PCR primers to detect mRNA in biological samples using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) process for amplifying selected RNA sequences. The present invention also encompasses in situ PCR and in situ RT-PCR for detection of DNA and RNA encoding the cancer peptides or portions thereof. The technique is preferred when the copy number of a target nucleic acid is very low, or when different forms of nucleic acids must be distinguished. The method is especially useful in detecting and differentiating precancer and cancer cells from normal cells.

The present invention includes a method of identifying an antigenic cancer epitope reactive with antigen specific T cells comprising the generation of nucleic acid deletion fragments from a gene. The deletion fragments are placed in an appropriate vector which in turn are transfected or transduced into a host cell for the expression of the nucleic acid product. Optionally, the host cell may also express a co-immunostimulatory molecule. Cancer antigen specific T-cell responses are determined in the presence of the host cell expressing the deletion product.

In the case where the host cell expresses only the deletion product, a co-immunostimulatory molecule may be provided by an antigen presenting cell such as a B cell, macrophage, dendritic cell and the like or by a cell transfected with a stimulatory molecule. In one embodiment, the co-immunostimulatory molecule is a MHC class I molecule.

By mapping using this approach, the TRP-2 gene fragments encoding the cancer peptide or the antigenic cancer epitope is determined.

An alternative method of identifying the cancer antigen and the antigenic cancer epitope is by generating synthetic peptides, pulsing antigen presenting cells with the synthetic peptides and adding the peptide pulsed antigen presenting cells with antigen specific T cells and measuring the antigen specific response of T cells in the presence of the peptide pulsed antigen presenting cells. The synthetic peptides that result in antigen specific T cell responses contains the antigenic cancer epitope of the present invention.

The present invention also encompasses a vector comprising the TRP-2 gene and fragments thereof encoding the tumor antigen of the present invention. Optionally the vector may also comprise a DNA sequence encoding at least one co-immunostimulatory molecule.

Eukaryotic expression vectors include but are not limited to retroviral vectors, vaccinia virus vectors, adenovirus vectors, herpes virus vectors, fowlpox virus vectors, baculovirus vectors, human papillomavirus vectors, equine encephalitis vectors, influenza virus vectors and the like.

The present invention encompasses novel recombinant virus expressing the TRP-2 tumor antigen encoded by nucleic acid sequence of the TRP-2 gene or fragments or variant thereof. The recombinant virus may also express at least one co-immunostimulatory molecule. The recombinant virus is capable of eliciting or upregulating a cell-mediate immune response in a mammal for the purpose of preventing or treating cancer in the mammal, particularly humans.

The recombinant virus has incorporated into its genome or portion thereof a nucleic acid sequence encoding a TRP-2 tumor antigen or variant thereof, alone, or in combination with one or more genes encoding an co-immunostimulatory molecule. A host cell infected with the recombinant virus expresses a TRP-2 tumor antigen, alone or in combination with at least one co-immunostimulatory molecule.

Methods for constructing and expressing exogenous gene products from recombinant vaccinia virus vectors are disclosed by Perkus et al. (1985); Kaufman et al. (1991); Moss (1991); Smith et al. (1984); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,846. Sutter et al. (1992) disclose the construction and use as a vector, the non-replicating recombinant Ankara virus (MVA, modified vaccinia Ankara) which may be used as a viral vector in the present invention. Baxby et al. (1992) disclose the construction and use as a vector, a non-replicating poxvirus, including canarypox virus, fowlpox virus and other avian species for use as a viral vector in the present invention.

The vectors of the present invention may be placed in an appropriate host cell for the expression of the tumor antigen or antigenic cancer epitope. Eukaryotic host cell lines include, but are not limited to COS cells, CHO cells, Hela cells, NIH/3T3 cells, insect cells, antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells and the like. Optionally the host cell may also express a stimulatory molecule. In the case where the host cells express the tumor antigen of the present invention in combination with at least one MHC molecule, it is preferable that a eukaryotic expression system be used to allow for proper glycosylation. The expression of both the cancer antigen and the co-immunostimulatory molecule by the host cell provides the necessary MHC restricted peptide to specific T cells and the appropriate signal to the T cell to aid in antigen recognition and proliferation or clonal expansion of antigen specific T cells. The overall result is an upregulation of the immune system. The upregulation of the immune response is manifest by an increase in cancer antigen specific cytotoxic lymphocytes which are able to kill or inhibit the growth of cancer or precancer cells.

The DNA may be inserted into the host cell by transfection, transduction, liposomes and the like by methods known in the art (Sambrook et al. (1989)). For liposomes, cationic lipids are preferred, for example, polycationic lipid, dimyristyloxypropyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxyethyl ammonium (DMRIE) complexed with the neutral phospholipid dioleoyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DOPE) as disclosed by Nabel et al. (1992); Nabel et al. (1992a); Stewart et al. (1992); Nabel et al. (1993b); and Harrison et al. (1995).

The recombinant tumor antigen or antigenic cancer epitope expressed by the host cells may be purified from cell lysates or cell supernatants by standard protein purification procedures known in the art. These include but are not limited to molecular sieve chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, gel electrophoresis, affinity chromatography, HPLC, reverse phase HPLC and the like (Ausubel et al. (1987)). Immunoaffinity chromatography may also be used for purification using tumor antigen antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof as described herein, as the immunoaffinity agent.

The recombinant virus may also be used as a therapeutic or vaccine. In such uses it is desirable to provide the recipient with a dosage of recombinant virus in the range of from about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁰ plaque forming units/mg mammal, although a lower or higher dose may be administered.

The recombinant viral vector may be introduced into a mammal either prior to any evidence of cancer such as melanoma or to mediate regression of the disease in a mammal afflicted with a cancer such as melanoma. Examples of methods for administering the viral vector into mammals include, but are not limited to, exposure of cells to the recombinant virus ex vivo, or injection of the recombinant virus into the affected tissue or intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular and the like administration of the virus. Alternatively, the recombinant viral vector or combination of recombinant viral vectors may be administered locally by direct injection into the cancerous lesion or topical application in a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The quantity of recombinant viral vector, carrying the nucleic acid sequence of interest is based on the titer of virus particles. A preferred range for immunization is about 10⁵ to 10¹⁰ virus particles per mammal, preferably a human.

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) derived from tumor-bearing patients recognize tumor associated antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The infusion of TIL586 along with interleukin-2 (IL-2) into the autologous patient with metastatic melanoma resulted in the objective regression of tumor. The present invention relates to a gene encoding a tumor antigen recognized by TIL586 and shown to encode TRP-2. The present invention also relates to the identification and isolation of an antigenic peptide, LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4), derived from TRP-2 and active as a cancer vaccine.

The invention also provides a transgenic animal which has incorporated into its genome one or more copies of TRP-2 tumor antigen of the present invention. The general method of producing transgenic animals is described in Krimpenfort et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,384, Leder et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,383, Wagner et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,385, Evans et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,009 and Berns U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,986. The incorporation of the gene results in overexpression, altered expression or expression of multiple forms of the tumor antigen of the present invention. The resulting transgenic animal are useful in studies of the development of cancer. The animal model is useful in screening vaccines and chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment.

This invention further comprises an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof elicited by immunization of the tumor antigen of the present invention. In the case where the cancer peptide is comprised of only a few amino acids, the cancer peptide may be conjugated to a carrier protein in order to elicite an antibody response. Carrier proteins such as KLH, tetanus toxoid and the like and methods of conjugation are known in the art. The antibody has specificity for and reacts or binds with the cancer peptide of the present invention.

Exemplary antibody molecules are intact immunoglobulin molecules, substantially intact immunoglobulin molecules or these portions of an immunoglobulin molecule that contain the antigen binding site, including those portions of immunoglobulin molecules known in the art as F (ab), F (ab'), F (ab')₂, humanized chimeric antibody, and F (v). Polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies may be produced by methods known in the art. (Kohler et al. (1975); Campbell (1985)). The antibodies or antigen binding fragments may also be produced by genetic engineering. The technology for expression of both heavy and light chain genes is the subject of the PCT patent applications: publication number WO 901443, WO 9014424, and Huse et al (1989).

In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention are used in immunoassays to detect a TRP-2 tumor antigen in biological samples. The antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof may be used to detect cancer peptides in tissue biopsy samples from a mammal afflicted with cancer. Assessment of the cancer antigen in a diseased tissue can be used to prognose the progression of the disease in a mammal or may diagnose the efficacy of a treatment. The immunoassay may be a radioimmunoassay, Western blot assay, immunofluorescent assay, enzyme immunoassay, chemiluminescent assay, immunohistochemical assay and the like and may be performed in vitro, in vivo or in situ. Standard techniques known in the art for ELISA are described by Rose et al. (1980); Campbell et al. (1964); and Oellerich (1984). Conventional methods for immunohistochemistry are described in Harlow et al. (1988); and Ausubel et al. (1987). Biological samples appropriate for such detection assays include but are not limited to cells, tissue biopsy, whole blood, plasma, serum, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, urine and the like.

The antibodies or antigen binding fragments of the present invention may also be used in immunotherapy. The antibodies or antigen binding fragment thereof is provided to a mammal in an amount sufficient to prevent, lessen or attenuate the severity, extent or duration of the cancer.

All articles and patents referred to herein are incorporated, in toto, by reference.

While the invention is described above in relation to certain specific embodiments, it will be understood that many variations are possible, and that alternative materials and reagents can be used without departing from the invention. In some cases such variations and substitutions may require some experimentation, but will only involve routine testing.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention and others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adopt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and therefore such adaptations and modifications are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments.

EXAMPLE 1 Materials and Methods

Chemicals and Reagents

The following chemicals and reagents were purchased from the sources indicated: RPMI1640, AIM-V media, Lipofectarnine, G418 (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersberg, Md.); the eukaryotic expression vector pCR3 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.); anti-HLA-A31 monoclonal antibody (One lambda, Canoga Park, Calif.); anti-immunoglobulin M antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, Calif.).

T cell clones and lines

The T cell clones were generated by limiting dilution methods (at 1 cells/well) from the TIL586 cell line, and used allogenic PBL (1×10³ cells/well) as feeder cells in RPMI1640 containing 10% human AB sera and 500 IU IL-2. After 12 days, T cell clones were then expanded in AIM-V medium containing 6000 IU/ml IL-2. To obtain an optimal expansion, we used the OKT3 expansion method described by S. Riddell (Walter et al. (1995)). Briefly, on day 0, 5×10⁴ 5×10⁵ T cells were cocultured with HLA-A31 PBL (500:1, PBL: T cell ratio) and 586EBV B cells (100: 1, EBV: T cell ratio) in 25 ml RPMI 1640 containing 11% human sera, 30 ng/ml OKT3 antibody and antibiotics. On day 1, IL-2 was added at final concentration of 180 IU/ml. The media were changed with fresh media containing 11% human sera, IL-2 180 IU/ml on day 5. The media were then changed every three days. On day 12-14, T cells were harvested, counted and cryopreserved. TIL586 were isolated from the tumor specimen of a patient with metastatic melanoma and grown in medium containing IL-2 (6000 IU/ml) (Chiron) for 32-60 days as previously described Topalian et al. 1988). TIL586 were predominantly CD8⁺ T cells.

Melanoma cell lines 397mel, 397mel/A31, 586mel, 624mel, 624mel/A31 and EBV transformed B-cell lines 586EBV and 1510EBV were established in our laboratory and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Normal cultured melanocytes derived from infant foreskin (NHEM680 purchased from Clonetics, Calif.) were cultured in melanocyte growth medium (MOM; Clonetics, Calif.). The COS-7 cell line was provided by Dr. W. Leonard (NIH).

GM-CSF Secretion Assay

DNA transfection and GM-CSF assays were performed as previously described (Wang et al. 1995). Briefly, 200 ng of DNA encoding antigens and 50 ng of the HLA-A31 DNA were mixed with 2 μl of lipofectamine in 100 ml of DMEM for 15-45 min. The DNA/lipofectamine mixture was then added to the COS-7 (5×104) cells and incubated overnight. The following day, cells were washed twice with DMEM medium. TIL586 was added at a concentration of 1×105 cells/well in AIM-V medium containing 120 IU/ml of IL-2. For T cell clones, only 1-2×10⁴ cells/well were added. After 18-24 h incubation, 100 μl of supernatant was collected and GM-CSF was measured in a standard ELISA assay (R+D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). For testing peptides recognition, 586EBV or T2 cells were incubated with peptides at 37° C. for 90 min, and then washed three times with AIM-V medium containing 120 IU/ml of IL-2. T cells were added and incubated for an additional 18-24 h, 100 μl of supernatant was collected for GM-CSF assay.

Exo II/SI deletion constructions and subcloning

TRP-2 cDNA was a gift of Dr. Shibahara (Yokoyama et al. (1994)) and subcloned into the pCR3 vector with a CMV promoter for expression. To make a series of deletions, the plasmid pCR3 containing TRP-2 cDNA was digested with Xba I and filled in with alpha-phosphorothioate deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates to block Exo III nuclease digestion. The linearized DNA was subjected to the second restriction enzyme digestion to generate one end sensitive to Exo III Exo III nuclease/Mung bean nuclease deletion was performed according to the manufacture's instructions (Stratagene, Calif.). All deletion constructs were sequenced to determine the location of DNA sequence being removed. pTA plasmid was a derivative of pCR3-TRP2, in which an Apa I DNA fragment was deleted from the 3' end of TRP-2 gene. pTK was created after removal of a KpnI DNA fragment from the 3' end of the TRP-2 gene. pTP was generated by deleting an internal Pst I fragment and religation.

Northern Blot Analysis

Total RNA was isolated by the guanidine isothiocyanate/cesium chloride centrifugation method. Total RNA from human normal tissue was purchased from Clontech, Calif. Twenty μg of total RNA was subjected to electrophoresis in a 1.2% agarose formaldehyde gel and transferred to a nylon membrane. A 2.0 kb DNA fragment of the TRP-2 gene was labeled with ³² P-α-CTP by the random priming method. Prehybridization and hybridization were performed according to the QuickHyb protocol (Stratagene). Membranes were washed twice with 2× SSC/0.1% SDS at room temperature for 15 min and twice with 0.1× SSC/0.1% SDS at 60° C. for 30 min. The autoradiography was performed at -70° C.

Cytotoxicity assays

Cytolysis was determined by use of Calcein AM (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.). Briefly, T2 or 586EBV B cells were pulsed with peptides in RPMI1640/5% FCS for 90 min. Tumor cells and the peptide pulsed EBV B cells were labelled with Calcein AM (15 μl of 1 mg/ml Calcein AM for every 1×10⁶ cells) for 30 min at 37° C. Following incubation, cells were washed three times with AIM V/120 IU IL-2. 1×10³ target cells were mixed with T cells at various E:T ratio. After 4 h incubation at 37° C., 5 μl of bovine hemoglobin quench solution containing ethidium bromide was added. The plate was read by Lambda scan. The percentage of lysis was calculated from the following equation: 1-(A-B)/(C-B)!×100 where A is the reading of non-lysed cells in the presence of T cells, B is background signal value and C is the maximum signal value from target cells.

The peptides were synthesized by a solid-phase method using a peptide synthesizer (Model AMS 422, Gilson Co., Inc., Worthington, Ohio). Some peptides were purified by HPLC and had greater than 98% in purity. The peptide mass of some peptides was confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis.

EXAMPLE 2 Recognition of new antigens on tumor cells by CTL clones

In previous studies, we have isolated a number of T cell clones from the TIL586 cell line by the limiting dilution method (Wang et al. (1996b)). Among them, six clones recognized 586EBV B cells pulsed with the ORF3P peptide derived from a gene product translated from an alternative open reading of TRP-1/gp75 gene, and the autologous 586mel tumor cells, but did not recognize 586EBV B cells pulsed with an irrelevant peptide. TIL586-C1 was chosen as one representative for these T cell clones as shown in FIG. 1. However, several T cell clones isolated from the same TIL586 cell line recognized neither 586EBV B cells pulsed with the TRP-1 peptide ORF3P nor COS cells transfected with TRP-1 and HLA-A31 cDNAs, but were capable of recognizing 586mel as well as HLA-A31+ melanocytes (FIG. 1). These results suggested that these T cell clones recognized additional tumor antigens on the 586mel tumor cells. These T cell clones were then expanded to obtain enough cells for screening cDNA libraries or testing other cDNAs for recognition by methods described in the Materials and Methods section (Example 1). One of clones, CTL clone 4, was successfully expanded and used for further studies as described below.

EXAMPLE 3 Identification of a cDNA encoding a tumor antigen recognized by T cell clones

To determine the HLA molecule responsible for presenting antigen to CTL clone 4, we transfected HLA-A31 cDNA into A31-negative tumor lines such as 397mel and 624mel and tested for recognition by the CTL clone. Transfectants of 397mel and 624mel expressing HLA-A31 were significantly recognized by CTL clone 4 (Table 1). Furthermore, these T cells were also capable of recognizing the HLA-A31 positive allogeneic tumor line 1353mel, indicating that recognition of the tumor antigen by CTL clone 4 was HLA-A31 restricted.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Specific secretion of GM-CSF by CTL clone 4 is                                 HLA-A31-restricted                                                                        Stimulators                                                                                           GM-CSF                                                    Transfected                                                                              HLA-A31    secretion                                    Cell lines   gene      expression (pg/ml)                                      ______________________________________                                         None         none      --         <10                                          397mel                 none       23                                           (TRP1-/TRP2+)                                                                  397mel       HLA-A31   +          2840                                         (TRP1-/TRP2+)                                                                  624mel       none      -          39                                           (TRP1+/1RP2+)                                                                  624mel       HLA-A31   +          670                                          (TRP1+/TRP2+)                                                                  1353mel      none      +          879                                          (TRP1+/TRP2+)                                                                  586mel       none      +          >4000                                        (TRP1+/TRP2+)                                                                  586EBVB      none      +          29                                           COS-7        none      -          35                                           COS-7        HLA-A31   +          30                                           ______________________________________                                          GM-CSF in the supernatant was measured after 24 h incubation of 2 ×      10.sub.4 CTL clone 4 cells with either melanoma cell lines or COS7             transfected with the HLAA31 cDNA.                                        

Since only a limited number of T cells were available, we first tested whether or not these T cells recognized previously identified tumor antigens or melanocyte-lineage differentiation proteins. Recognition of COS-7 cells transfected with HLA-A31 cDNA and genes encoding the known tumor antigens or putative antigens including MART-1 (Kawakami et al. (1994a)), gp75 (Wang et al. (1995)), gplOO (Kawakami et al. (1994b), tyrosinase (Brichard et al. (1993)), plS (Robbins et al. (1995)) and TRP-2 (Yokoyama et al. (1994); Bouchard et al. (1994)) by CTL clone 4 was tested. COS cells transfected with HLA-A31 alone or TRP-2 alone did not confer recognition by the T cell clones. However, COS cells transfected with HLA-A31 and TRP-2 cDNA stimulated GM-CSF release from T cells, whereas COS cells transfected with HLA-A31 and other genes did not, indicating that the T cell clone 4 recognized TRP-2 as a tumor antigen in an HLA-A31 restricted manner.

Analysis of the structural similarities in HLA-A3, A11, A31, A33 and A68 and their peptide binding motif has suggested the existence of the A3-like supermotif (Sidney et al. (1996)). A single epitope peptide could cross-react with HLA-A3, A11, A31, A33 and A68 molecules which are cumulatively expressed in about 40-50% of the general population. It has been reported that the same peptide epitope derived from Hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid protein could be presented by HLA-A31 and -A68 molecules and recognized by the corresponding HLA-A31 or -A68 restricted CTL (Missale et al. (1993)). We tested whether HLA-A31 restricted T cells recognized TRP-1 and TRP-2 epitopes when pulsed onto HLA-A3 positive EBV B cells. Interestingly, weak recognition was detected based on GM-CSF release from T cells. However, no recognition of HLA-A3 positive tumor cells was detected.

EXAMPLE 4

Expression of the TRP-2 gene

Northern blot analyses were performed using TRP-2 cDNA as a probe to evaluate the expression pattern of TRP-2 in different tissues. Normal retinal tissue was shown to be the only positive in the expression of TRP-2 among the normal human tissues tested. The expression pattern of TRP-2 in melanoma cell lines and other cell lines is listed in Table 2 below. Twenty five of thirty melanoma cell lines were found to express TRP-2. The Burkitt's B cell line Daudi and the breast cancer cell line MDA23 1 were negative, in agreement with previous results (Bouchard et al. (1994)). Thus, like tyrosinase, TRP-1, gplOO and MART-1, the expression pattern of this gene appeared to be restricted to melanomas, normal melanocyte cell lines and retina.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Expression of TRP-2 in different cell lines and human tissues tested                      Expression of          Expression of                                Melanoma cell lines                                                                       TRP-2      Cell lines/tissues                                                                         TRP-2                                        ______________________________________                                         397mel     +          A375        -                                            526mel     +          586EBVB     -                                            397mel     +          Melanocytes                                              501mel     -          FM906       +                                            537mel     -          FM680       +                                            553Bmel    +                                                                   586mel     +          Other tumor lines                                        624mel     +          Daudi       -                                            677mel     +          MDA231      -                                            679mel     -                                                                   697mel     +          Normal tissues                                           729mel     -          Retina      +                                            894mel     +          Testis      -                                            836mel     -          Brain       -                                            888mel     +          Spleen      -                                            928mel     +          Liver       -                                            1290mel    +          Fetal liver -                                            1300mel    +          Thymus      -                                            952mel     +          Lung        -                                            HT144mel   +                                                                   1011mel    +                                                                   1088mel    +                                                                   SK23       +                                                                   SK28       +                                                                   Maisel     +                                                                   groves     +                                                                   WN266      +                                                                   ______________________________________                                          Expression of TRP2 was tested by Northern blot analyses with 10-20 .about      g of total RNA and probed with the TRP2 cDNA fragment. Daudi is a              Burkitt's B cell line and MDA231 is a breast cancer cell line.           

EXAMPLE 5

The peptide epitopes recognized by T cells

To determine the antigenic epitopes from TRP-2, a series of nested deletions of the TRP-2 gene from the 3' end using Exo III/S1 nuclease as well as DNA fragments encoding the truncated form of TRP-2 were generated. These deletions and subcloned constructs were transfected into COS-7 cells along with the pBK-CMV plasmid containing the HLA-A31 cDNA. Recognition of the transfected COS cells were tested with CTL clone by measuring GM-CSF cytokine release from the CTL clone. FIG. 3 indicated that pTD1, 2 and 3 constructs retained the ability to stimulate cytokine release from the CTL clone 4, but pTD4 and pTD5 lost the stimulating activity to the CTL clone 4, indicating that the epitope(s) recognized by the CTL clone 4 was located in the region of nucleotides 836-1045. This was consistent with results obtained by the subcloning experiments. Although pTA and pTP lost the ability to stimulate cytokine release from CTL clone 4, pTK still remain positive in the cytokine release assay. Therefore, the epitopes resided in a DNA fragment flanked by the first PstI and KpnI sites as shown in FIG. 4.

To identify the epitopes from the coding region of this small DNA fragment, five synthetic peptides were based on the synthesized peptide binding motif for HLA-A31 (hydrophobic residues at position 2 and positively charged residues at position 9) (Rammensee et al. (1995)). These peptides were pulsed onto 586EBV B cells and tested for their ability to stimulate cytokine release by CTL clone 4. As shown in Table 3, peptide TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ was strongly recognized by CTL clone 4 when pulsed on 586EBV B cells. The recognition of this peptide by CTL clone 4 was observed only when the peptide was pulsed onto HLA-A31+ EBV B cells such as 586EBV and 1510EBV, but not onto HLA-A31 negative T2 cells. CTL clone 4 did not the ORF3P peptide derived from the alternative open reading frame of the TRP-1 gene. These results demonstrated that TIL586-C1 specifically recognized the ORF3P peptide derived from TRP-1 and CTL clone 4 specifically recognized the peptide derived from TRP2. No cross reactivity was observed while both ORF3P and TRP2-pl97 were presented to T cells by HLA-A31 molecules.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Identification of synthetic peptides with reactivity to T cell clones                    GM-CSF release                                                                              CTL      CTL                                            Target cells pulsed    clone 1  clone 4                                        with peptide           (TRP-1)  (TRP-2)                                        ______________________________________                                         586EBV + TRP.sub.186-195                                                                   VWLHYYSVR(TRP-2)                                                                              <50      <50                                                    (SEQ ID NO:16)                                                     586EBV + TRP.sub.185-194                                                                   FVWLHYYSVR(TRP-2)                                                                             <50      <50                                                    (SEQ ID NO:17)                                                     586EBV + TRP.sub.194-202                                                                   LLGPGRPYR(TRP-2)                                                                              <50      <50                                                    (SEQ ID NO:18)                                                     586EBV + TRP.sub.197-205                                                                   LLGPGRPYR(TRP-2)                                                                              <50      >4000                                                  (SEQ ID NO:4)                                                      586EBV + TRP.sub.213-221                                                                   GPAFVTWHR(TRP-2)                                                                              <50      <50                                                    (SEQ ID NO:19)                                                     586EBV + ORF3P                                                                             MSLQRQFLR(TRP-1)                                                                              >8000    <50                                                    (SEQ ID NO:20)                                                     1510EBV +   LLGPGRPYR(TRP-2)                                                                              <50      >4000                                      TRP.sub.197-205                                                                            (SEQ ID NO:4)                                                      1510EBV + ORF3P                                                                            MSLQRQFLR(TRP-1)                                                                              >6000    <50                                                    (SEQ ID NO:20)                                                     T2 + TRP.sub.197-205                                                                       LLGPGRPYR(TRP-2)                                                                              <50      <50                                                    (SEQ ID NO:4)                                                      T2 + ORF3P  MSLQRQFLR(TRP-1)                                                                              <50      <50                                                    (SEQ ID NO:20)                                                     586EBV + None              <50      <50                                        586EBV + None              >5000    >3000                                      ______________________________________                                          586EBV cells were incubated with individual peptides at a concentration o      1˜ g/ml for 90 min.                                                      GMCSF release was measured after coincubation of peptideloaded 586EBV          cells with T cell clones recognizing either TRP1 or TRP2. GMCSF secretion      by T cells alone without stimulators was subtracted. 586EBV and 1510 EBV       were EBV transformed B cell lines expressing HLAA3 1.                    

EXAMPLE 6

Characterization of TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ peptide

Titration experiments demonstrated that 1 nM of peptide was sufficient to stimulate GM-CSF release from the T cell clone 4 and the stimulation reached a plateau at 500 nM (FIG. 5A). Lysis of 586EBV B cells pulsed with TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ by CTL clone 4 was also determined at various peptide concentrations (FIG. 5B), and similar to cytokine release assays, lysis of target cells by the CTL clone 4 was detected at 1 nM peptide concentration. Maximum lysis was seen at 100 nM of peptide concentration. CTL clone 4 was capable of lysing 586EBV pulsed with TRP2-pl97 and 586mel tumor cells even at low E:T ratio, but failed to lyse 586EBV B cells alone or pulsed with the control peptide ORF3P nor the HLA-A31 negative 397mel line (FIG. 5C).

The majority of human melanoma antigens identified to date are non-mutated self-antigens and the T cell recognition and binding affinity of these self-peptides to the corresponding MHC molecules has in some instances been improved by substitution of amino acids at anchor residues (Parkburst et al. (1996)). A number of synthetic peptides including 8mer or 10mer and modified peptides as indicated in Table 4 were made and tested for recognition by CTL clone 4 when pulsed onto 586EBV B cells. The 10mer TLLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 5), in which one amino acid was extended at the N-terminus of TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅, was still recognized by CTL clone 4 when pulsed on 586EBV B cells, but the reactivity was about 60% of the overlapping 9mer LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4). Based on the binding motif of HLA-A31, a few modified peptides were generated with substitution of amino acids at anchor residues positions 2 and 9 as well as at other positions. The Arg residue at position 9 in the C-terminus could be substituted with the Lys residue and the modified peptide retained at least 60% of the activity of the parental peptide. Substitution of a Leu residue at position 2 with either Ser, Ile or Val residues retained the same activity or reduced the activity to 60% of the parental peptide while substitution with Ala or Phe at this position reduced the ability to stimulate cytokine release from T cells (Table 4). Other modifications provided variable cancer peptide activity in T cell recognition.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         Comparison of T cell reactivity of modified                                    peptides                                                                                                   CTL                                                                            clone 4                                            Target cells pulsed with    GM-CSF                                             peptides                    release                                            ______________________________________                                         586EBV + LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:4)                                                                           3450                                               586EBV + TLLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:5)                                                                          2100                                               586EBV + LLGPGRPYRA (SEQ ID NO:6)                                                                          545                                                586EBV + LGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:4 amino acid 2-9)                                                             <50                                                586EBV + LIGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:7)                                                                           2545                                               586EBV + LVGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:8)                                                                           2100                                               586EBV + LSGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:9)                                                                           3300                                               586EBV + LAGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:10)                                                                          550                                                586EBV + LFGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:21)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + LLGPGRPYK (SEQ ID NO:11)                                                                          2000                                               586EBV + LLGPGRPYH (SEQ ID NO:22)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + ALGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:23)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + RLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:24)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + KLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:12)                                                                          420                                                586EBV + LLLPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:25)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + LLFPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:26)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + LLAPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO:27)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + LLGPGFPYR (SEQ ID NO:13)                                                                          738                                                586EBV + LLGPGAPYR (SEQ ID NO:28)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + LLGPGIPYR (SEQ ID NO:29)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + LLGPGVPYR (SEQ ID NO:30)                                                                          <50                                                586EBV + LLGPGKPYR (SEQ ID NO: 14)                                                                         321                                                586EBV                      <50                                                586mel                      >3000                                              ______________________________________                                          586EBV cells were incubated with individual peptides at a concentration o      0.5 ˜ g/rnl for 90 min. GMCSF release was measured after                 coincubation of peptideloaded 586EBV cells with the CTL clone 4 cells.         GMCSF secretion by T cells alone without stimulators was subtracted.           586EBV was a EBV transformed B cell line expressing HLAA31.              

The TRP-2 protein contains two putative copper-binding sites, cysteine-rich regions and a transmembrane domain. Human TRP-2 has been mapped to chromosome 13 while the mouse counterpart has been mapped to chromosome 14 in the region of the coat color mutation, slaty. There is about a 40% amino acid sequence identity between TRP-2 and tyrosinase or TRP-1/gp75, but no CTL line or clone was found thus far that recognizes a common peptide epitope among the tyrosinase protein family.

The 9 mer TRP₁₉₇₋₂₀₅ peptide recognized by CTL clone 4 is located at one of the copper binding sites in the coding region of TRP-2. This peptide most efficiently stimulated cytokine release from T cells compared with other peptides including motified peptides tested in this study. This was in agreement with the predicted HLA-A31 binding motif, which indicates that Leu at position 2 and Arg at position 9 are the favorable residues. Although Leu at position 2 and Arg at position 9 could be replaced with Ile and Ser at position 2 and Lys at position 9, respectively, with little or minor loss of reactivity to T cell recognition, substitutions of amino acids at positions 1, 3 or 6 led to some loss of reactivity.

EXAMPLE 7 In vivo Treatment Assay

For in vivo treatment, MHL-A31⁺ transgenic mice are challenged with either 1×10⁵ or 5×10⁵ Trp-1⁺ B16 mouse melanoma cells intravenously in order to establish pulmonary metastases. Mice are subsequently vaccinated with a recombinant virus expressing cancer peptide, LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) at 10⁵ PFU/mg body weight. Mice are euthanized on day 12 and the number of pulmonary metastases in vaccinated mice vs. non-vaccinated mice determined.

EXAMPLE 8 Cancer Antigen Specific T Lymphocytes Immunotherapy

T-lymphocytes presensitized to a melanoma antigen may be effective in therapeutically treating mammals afflicted with a melanoma. T-lymphocytes are isolated from peripheral blood or melanoma tumor suspensions and cultured in vitro (Kawakami et al (1988)).

The T lymphocytes are exposed to the cancer peptide, LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) at a concentration of 1 μg/ml alone or in the presence of IL-2, resensitized and expanded in culture. T-lymphocytes exposed to the cancer peptide are administered to a mammal at about 10⁹ to 10¹² lymphocytes per mammal. The lymphocytes are administered either intravenously, intraperitoneally or intralesionally. The treatment may be administered concurrently with other therapeutic treatments such as cytokines, surgical excision of melanoma lesions and chemotherapeutic drugs.

EXAMPLE 9 Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Melanoma

In this protocol, patients with advanced melanoma are immunized with an antigenic cancer epitope.

Patients eligible for the trial must have evidence of measurable or evaluable metastatic melanoma that has failed standard effective therapy. Patients must have tumors that express the TPI-2 antigen as evidenced by PCR or Northern Blot analysis of tumor cell RNA.

Patients receive either 1 ng, 1 μg, 1 mg or 500 mg/kg body weight of a cancer peptide LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) via intravenously at day zero, day 7 and day 14 alone or in combination with IL-2 and/or a co-immunostimulatory molecule. Patients are evaluated for toxicity, immunologic effects and therapeutic efficacy.

Lymphocytes taken from the treated patients are tested for specific response to the cancer antigen comprising the amino acid sequence LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4).

A complete response is defined as the disappearance of all clinical evidence of disease that lasts at least four weeks. A partial response is a 50% or greater decrease in the sum of the products of the perpendicular diameter of all measurable lesions for at least four weeks with no appearance of new lesions or increase in any lesions. Minor responses are defined as 25-49% decrease in the sum of the products of the perpendicular diameters of all measurable lesions with no appearance of new lesions and no increase in any lesions. Any patient with less than a partial response is considered a non-responder. The appearance of new lesions or greater than 25% increase in the product of perpendicular diameters of prior lesions following a partial or complete response is considered as a relapse.

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    __________________________________________________________________________     SEQUENCE LISTING                                                               (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                       (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 20                                                  (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 2291                                                               (B) TYPE: NUCLEIC ACID                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: DOUBLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: cDNA                                                          (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 GENE                                                       (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (x) PUBLICATION INFORMATION:                                                   (A) AUTHORS: YOKAYAMA, ET AL.                                                  (B) TITLE: MOLECULAR CLONING AND FUNCTIONAL                                    ANALYSIS OF A cDNA CODING FOR HUMAN                                            DOPACHROME TAUTOMERASE/TYROSINASE-RELATED                                      PROTEIN- 2.                                                                    (C) JOURNAL: BIOCHIM. BIOPHSY. ACTA.                                           (D) VOLUME: 1217                                                               (E) ISSUE:                                                                     (F) PAGES: 317-321                                                             (G) DATE: 1994                                                                 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:1:                                         GCAATTAAAGTCAAGAGCTAAGGAGGGAGGGAGAGGGTTT40                                     AGAAATACCAGCATAATAAGTAGTATGACTGGGTGCTCTG80                                     TAAATTAACTCAATTAGACAAAGCCTGACTTAACGGGGGA120                                    AGATGGTGAGAAGCGCTACCCTCATTAAATTTGGTTGTTA160                                    GAGGCGCTTCTAAGGAAATTAAGTCTGTTAGTTGTTTGAA200                                    TCACATAAAATTGTGTGTGCACGTTCATGTACACATGTGC240                                    ACACATGTAACCTCTGTGATTCTTGTGGGTATTTTTTTAA280                                    GAAGAAAGGAATAGAAAGCAAAGAAAAATAAAAAATACTG320                                    AAAAGAAAAGACTGAAAGAGTAGAAGATAAGGAGAAAAGT360                                    ACGACAGAGACAAGGAAAGTAAGAGAGAGAGAGAGCTCTC400                                    CCAATTATAAAGCCATGAGCCCCCTTTGGTGGGGGTTTCT440                                    GCTCAGTTGCTTGGGCTGCAAAATCCTGCCAGGAGCCCAG480                                    GGTCAGTTCCCCCGAGTCTGCATGACGGTGGACAGCCTAG520                                    TGAACAAGGAGTGCTGCCCACGCCTGGGTGCAGAGTCGGC560                                    CAATGTCTGTGGCTCTCAGCAAGGCCGGGGGCAGTGCACA600                                    GAGGTGCGAGCCGACACAAGGCCCTGGAGTGGTCCCTACA640                                    TCCTACGAAACCAGGATGACCGTGAGCTGTGGCCAAGAAA680                                    ATTCTTCCACCGGACCTGCAAGTGCACAGGAAACTTTGCC720                                    GGCTATAATTGTGGAGACTGCAAGTTTGGCTGGACCGGTC760                                    CCAACTGCGAGCGGAAGAAACCACCAGTGATTCGGCAGAA800                                    CATCCATTCCTTGAGTCCTCAGGAAAGAGAGCAGTTCTTG840                                    GGCGCCTTAGATCTCGCGAAGAAGAGAGTACACCCCGACT880                                    ACGTGATCACCACACAACACTGGCTGGGCCTGCTTGGGCC920                                    CAATGGAACCCAGCCGCAGTTTGCCAACTGCAGTGTTTAT960                                    GATTTTTTTGTGTGGCTCCATTATTATTCTGTTAGAGATA1000                                   CATTATTAGGACCAGGACGCCCCTACAGGGCCATAGATTT1040                                   CTCACATCAAGGACCTGCATTTGTTACCTGGCACCGGTAC1080                                   CATTTGTTGTGTCTGGAAAGAGATCTCCAGCGACTCATTG1120                                   GCAATGAGTCTTTTGCTTTGCCCTACTGGAACTTTGCCAC1160                                   TGGGAGGAACGAGTGTGATGTGTGTACAGACCAGCTGTTT1200                                   GGGGCAGCGAGACCAGACGATCCGACTCTGATTAGTCGGA1240                                   ACTCAAGATTCTCCAGCTGGGAAACTGTCTGTGATAGCTT1280                                   GGATGACTACAACCACCTGGTCACCTTGTGCAATGGAACC1320                                   TATGAAGGTTTGCTGAGAAGAAATCAAATGGGAAGAAACA1360                                   GCATGAAATTGCCAACCTTAAAAGACATACGAGATTGCCT1400                                   GTCTCTCCAGAAGTTTGACAATCCTCCCTTCTTCCAGAAC1440                                   TCTACCTTCAGTTTCAGGAATGCTTTGGAAGGGTTTGATA1480                                   AAGCAGATGGGACTCTGGATTCTCAAGTGATGAGCCTTCA1520                                   TAATTTGGTTCATTCCTTCCTGAACGGGACAAACGCTTTG1560                                   CCACATTCAGCCGCCAATGATCCCATTTTTGTGGTTCTTC1600                                   ATTCCTTTACTGATGCCATCTTTGATGAGTGGATGAAAAG1640                                   ATTTAATCCTCCTGCAGATGCCTGGCCTCAGGAGCTGGCC1680                                   CCTATTGGTCACAATCGGATGTACAACATGGTTCCTTTCT1720                                   TCCCTCCAGTGACTAATGAAGAACTCTTTTTAACCTCAGA1760                                   CCAACTTGGCTACAGCTATGCCATCGATCTGCCAGTTTCA1800                                   GTTGAAGAAACTCCAGGTTGGCCCACAACTCTCTTAGTAG1840                                   TCATGGGAACACTGGTGGCTTTGGTTGGTCTTTTTGTGCT1880                                   GTTGGCTTTTCTTCAATATAGAAGACTTCGAAAAGGATAT1920                                   ACACCCCTAATGGAGACACATTTAAGCAGCAAGAGATACA1960                                   CAGAAGAAGCCTAGGGTGCTCATGCCTTACCTAAGAGAAG2000                                   AGGCTGGCCAAGCCACAGTTCTGACGCTGACAATAAAGGA2040                                   ACTAATCCTCACTGTTCCTTCTTGAGTTGAAGATCTTTGA2080                                   CATAGGTTCTTCTATAGTGATGATGATCTCATTCAGAAGA2120                                   TGCTTAGCTGTAGTTTCCGCTTTGCTTGCTTGTTTAACAA2160                                   ACCCAACTAAAGTGCTTGAGGCTACCTCTACCTTCAAATA2200                                   AAGATAGACCTGACAATTTGTGATATCTAATAATAACCCC2240                                   CCCCCCAATATTGATTAAGCCTCCTCCTTTTCTGAAAGCA2280                                   TTTAAAAAAAA2291                                                                (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 519                                                                (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PROTEIN                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PROTEIN                                                    (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (x) PUBLICATION INFORMATION:                                                   (A) AUTHORS: YOKAYAMA, ET AL.                                                  (B) TITLE: MOLECULAR CLONING AND FUNCTIONAL                                    ANALYSIS OF A cDNA CODING FOR HUMAN                                            DOPACHROME TAUTOMERASE/TYROSINASE-RELATED                                      PROTEIN- 2.                                                                    (C) JOURNAL: BIOCHIM. BIOPHSY. ACTA.                                           (D) VOLUME: 1217                                                               (E) ISSUE:                                                                     (F) PAGES: 317-321                                                             (G) DATE: 1994                                                                 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:2:                                         MetSerProLeuTrpTrpGlyPheLeuLeuSerCys                                           1510                                                                           LeuGlyCysLysIleLeuProGlyAlaGlnGlyGln                                           1520                                                                           PheProArgValCysMetThrValAspSerLeuVal                                           253035                                                                         AsnLysGluCysCysProArgLeuGlyAlaGluSer                                           4045                                                                           AlaAsnValCysGlySerGlnGlnGlyArgGlyGln                                           505560                                                                         CysThrGluValArgAlaAspThrArgProTrpSer                                           6570                                                                           GlyProTyrIleLeuArgAsnGlnAspAspArgGlu                                           7580                                                                           LeuTrpProArgLysPhePheHisArgThrCysLys                                           859095                                                                         CysThrGlyAsnPheAlaGlyTyrAsnCysGlyAsp                                           100105                                                                         CysLysPheGlyTrpThrGlyProAsnCysGluArg                                           110115120                                                                      LysLysProProValIleArgGlnAsnIleHisSer                                           125130                                                                         LeuSerProGlnGluArgGluGlnPheLeuGlyAla                                           135140                                                                         LeuAspLeuAlaLysLysArgValHisProAspTyr                                           145150155                                                                      ValIleThrThrGlnHisTrpLeuGlyLeuLeuGly                                           160165                                                                         ProAsnGlyThrGlnProGlnPheAlaAsnCysSer                                           170175180                                                                      ValTyrAspPhePheValTrpLeuHisTyrTyrSer                                           185190                                                                         ValArgAspThrLeuLeuGlyProGlyArgProTyr                                           195200                                                                         ArgAlaIleAspPheSerHisGlnGlyProAlaPhe                                           205210215                                                                      ValThrTrpHisArgTyrHisLeuLeuCysLeuGlu                                           220225                                                                         ArgAspLeuGlnArgLeuIleGlyAsnGluSerPhe                                           230235240                                                                      AlaLeuProTyrTrpAsnPheAlaThrGlyArgAsn                                           245250                                                                         GluCysAspValCysThrAspGlnLeuPheGlyAla                                           255260                                                                         AlaArgProAspAspProThrLeuIleSerArgAsn                                           265270275                                                                      SerArgPheSerSerTrpGluThrValCysAspSer                                           280285                                                                         LeuAspAspTyrAsnHisLeuValThrLeuCysAsn                                           290295300                                                                      GlyThrTyrGluGlyLeuLeuArgArgAsnGlnMet                                           305310                                                                         GlyArgAsnSerMetLysLeuProThrLeuLysAsp                                           315320                                                                         IleArgAspCysLeuSerLeuGlnLysPheAspAsn                                           325330335                                                                      ProProPhePheGlnAsnSerThrPheSerPheArg                                           340345                                                                         AsnAlaLeuGluGlyPheAspLysAlaAspGlyThr                                           350355360                                                                      LeuAspSerGlnValMetSerLeuHisAsnLeuVal                                           365370                                                                         HisSerPheLeuAsnGlyThrAsnAlaLeuProHis                                           375380                                                                         SerAlaAlaAsnAspProIlePheValValLeuHis                                           385390395                                                                      SerPheThrAspAlaIlePheAspGluTrpMetLys                                           400405                                                                         ArgPheAsnProProAlaAspAlaTrpProGlnGlu                                           410415420                                                                      LeuAlaProIleGlyHisAsnArgMetTyrAsnMet                                           425430                                                                         ValProPhePheProProValThrAsnGluGluLeu                                           435440                                                                         PheLeuThrSerAspGlnLeuGlyTyrSerTyrAla                                           445450455                                                                      IleAspLeuProValSerValGluGluThrProGly                                           460465                                                                         TrpProThrThrLeuLeuValValMetGlyThrLeu                                           470475480                                                                      ValAlaLeuValGlyLeuPheValLeuLeuAlaPhe                                           485490                                                                         LeuGlnTyrArgArgLeuArgLysGlyTyrThrPro                                           495500                                                                         LeuMetGluThrHisLeuSerSerLysArgTyrThr                                           505510515                                                                      GluGluAla                                                                      (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 11                                                                 (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE                                                    (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION: WHEREIN Xaa CAN BE                                      THE SAME OR DIFFERENT AND MAY BE ONE OR                                        MORE NUCLEOTIDES.                                                              (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:3:                                         XaaLeuLeuGlyProGlyArgProTyrArgXaa                                              1510                                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE                                                    (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:4:                                         LeuLeuGlyProGlyArgProTyrArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 10                                                                 (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE                                                    (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:5:                                         ThrLeuLeuGlyProGlyArgProTyrArg                                                 1510                                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 10                                                                 (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE                                                    (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:6:                                         LeuLeuGlyProGlyArgProTyrArgAla                                                 1510                                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE VARIANT                                            (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:7:                                         LeuIleGlyProGlyArgProTyrArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE VARIANT                                            (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:8:                                         LeuValGlyProGlyArgProTyrArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE VARIANT                                            (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:9:                                         LeuSerGlyProGlyArgProTyrArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE VARIANT                                            (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:10:                                        LeuAlaGlyProGlyArgProTyrArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE VARIANT                                            (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:11:                                        LeuLeuGlyProGlyArgProTyrLys                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE VARIANT                                            (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:12:                                        LysLeuGlyProGlyArgProTyrArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE VARIANT                                            (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:13:                                        LeuLeuGlyProGlyPheProTyrArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: SINGLE                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: TRP-2 PEPTIDE VARIANT                                            (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:14:                                        LeuLeuGlyProGlyLysProTyrArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 27                                                                 (B) TYPE: NUCLEIC ACID                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: OLIGONUCLEOTIDE                                               (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY:                                                                  (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION: NUCLEIC ACID ENCODING                                   TRP-2 PEPTIDE.                                                                 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:15:                                        TTATTAGGACCAGGACGCCCCTACAGG27                                                  (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY:                                                                  (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:16:                                        ValTrpLeuHisTyrTyrSerValArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 10                                                                 (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY:                                                                  (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:17:                                        PheValTrpLeuHisTyrTyrSerValArg                                                 1510                                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY:                                                                  (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:18:                                        ArgAspThrLeuLeuGlyProGlyArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY:                                                                  (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:19:                                        GlyProAlaPheValThrTrpHisArg                                                    15                                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 9                                                                  (B) TYPE: AMINO ACID                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: UNKNOWN                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: UNKNOWN                                                          (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:                                                            (A) DESCRIPTION: PEPTIDE                                                       (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY:                                                                  (B) LOCATION:                                                                  (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD:                                                     (D) OTHER INFORMATION:                                                         (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:SEQ ID NO:20:                                        MetSerLeuGlnArgGlnPheLeuArg                                                    15                                                                             __________________________________________________________________________ 

We claim:
 1. An isolated tumor antigen, wherein said antigen has an amino acid sequence which is a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant thereof wherein said fragment or variant thereof stimulates cancer antigen specific T lymphocytes.
 2. A tumor antigen according to claim 1 wherein the tumor antigen is a cancer peptide, immunologically recognized by MHC restricted T lymphocytes.
 3. A tumor antigen according to claim 1 wherein the tumor antigen is a cancer peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4 through SEQ ID NO:
 14. 4. A tumor antigen according to claim 1 wherein the tumor antigen is a cancer peptide comprising the amino acid sequence:X¹ LLGPGRPYRX² (SEQ ID NO: 3), and variants thereof, wherein X¹ and X² are identical or different and each are one or more amino acids.
 5. A tumor antigen according to claim 1 wherein the tumor antigen is a cancer peptide comprising the amino acid sequence: LLGPGRPYR (SEQ ID NO: 4) or variants thereof wherein said cancer peptide or variants thereof stimulates cancer antigen specific T lymphocytes.
 6. An immunogen comprising the tumor antigen according to claim 1 alone or in combination with at least one co-immunostimulatory molecule.
 7. A tumor antigen according to claim 2 wherein the T lymphocytes are HLA-A31 restricted.
 8. An immunogen according to claim 6 wherein the co-immunostimulatory molecule is an MHC molecule.
 9. An isolated tumor antigen encoded by a nucleic acid sequence which is a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant thereof wherein said antigen stimulates cancer antigen specific T lymphocytes.
 10. A tumor antigen according to claim 9 encoded by a nucleic acid comprising the nucleic acid sequence: TTATTAGGACCAGGACGCCCCTACAGG (SEQ ID NO: 15) or portion or variant thereof wherein said antigen stimulates cancer antigen specific T lymphocytes.
 11. An isolated tumor antigen consisting of a polypeptide encoded by nucleic acids 1-1678 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said antigen stimulates cancer specific T lymphocytes.
 12. An isolated tumor antigen consisting of a polypeptide encoded by nucleic acids 1-1345 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said antigen stimulates cancer specific T lymphocytes.
 13. An isolated tumor antigen consisting of a polypeptide encoded by nucleic acids 1-1045 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said antigen stimulates cancer specific T lymphocytes.
 14. An isolated tumor antigen consisting of a polypeptide encoded by nucleic acids 836-1045 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said antigen stimulates cancer specific T lymphocytes. 